DHA和ARA在乳制品中的應(yīng)用
發(fā)布時(shí)間:2013-01-05
文章出處:《潤科PUFA??返?期
摘要:論述了DHA和ARA的食物來源、攝入現(xiàn)狀、推薦攝入量及兩者推薦的攝入比例,對(duì)DHA和ARA在乳制品中的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀、添加工藝、注意事項(xiàng)、應(yīng)用前景進(jìn)行了介紹、闡述及展望。
關(guān)鍵詞:二十二碳六烯酸、花生四烯酸、乳制品、應(yīng)用
The application of DHA and ARA in dairy products
????????????????????
Abstract: This paper discussed the sources, intake status,recommended intakes and their ratio of the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid(ARA),and introduced the application status and prospect,adding process, matters needing attention on the application of the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid(ARA) in dairy products.
Key words: docosahexaenoic acid;arachidonic acid;dairy products;application
1 前言
1.1 DHA和ARA的功能
DHA(Docosahexaenoic Acid),又稱二十二碳六烯酸,屬ω-3系長鏈多不飽和脂肪酸;ARA(Arachidonic Acid),二十碳四烯酸,又稱花生四烯酸,屬ω-6系長鏈多不飽和脂肪酸。國內(nèi)外的眾多研究已證明兩者是嬰幼兒生長發(fā)育過程中不可缺少的成長因子,對(duì)嬰幼兒腦部和視力發(fā)育具有顯著功效`1-5`。孕婦及哺乳期婦女補(bǔ)充足量DHA和ARA也是非常必要的,不僅可以促進(jìn)胎兒及母乳喂養(yǎng)嬰兒的視力和智力,同時(shí)還可以預(yù)防產(chǎn)后抑郁`6,7`。另外,DHA和ARA也是成年人的保健元素,具有多種功效:降血脂、降血壓和降膽固醇,預(yù)防動(dòng)脈硬化`8`;減少血栓形成,預(yù)防冠心病`9`;預(yù)防老年癡呆;保護(hù)視網(wǎng)膜,改善視力`10`;抗癌、抑制腫瘤`11`;防治糖尿病、抗炎癥、延緩衰老等`12-14`。
1.2 DHA和ARA的食物來源及攝入現(xiàn)狀
DHA廣泛存在于深海魚類產(chǎn)品中,動(dòng)物肝臟和蛋黃也含少量DHA,一些常見的肉類、谷物、油脂、果蔬等幾乎不含DHA,近海食用海洋魚類或其他海產(chǎn)品較多的人群,每日的DHA攝入量較高,如日本婦女每日DHA的攝入量大約為600mg,歐洲地區(qū)的婦女DHA攝入量大約為200mg/天`15`;相比較而言,日本、馬來西亞、香港地區(qū)婦女母乳中DHA含量也相對(duì)較高,約占總脂肪含量的0.81%、0.84%、0.56%;但在美國婦女中,DHA的攝入量較低,僅為40-50mg/天`15`,母乳中DHA含量也相對(duì)較低,約占總脂肪含量的0.17%,6歲以下兒童DHA的攝入量也僅為20mg/天`16-18`。
ARA的食物來源相對(duì)較廣`19`,如紅肉、畜禽肉以及蛋黃都含有較高的ARA,動(dòng)物肝臟、動(dòng)物脂肪以及一些植物油里也都含有一定量的ARA,鴨蛋黃中ARA含量可高達(dá)1063mg/100g,所以對(duì)于成人來講,均衡的膳食即可滿足身體對(duì)ARA的需求,而對(duì)于嬰幼兒,由于體內(nèi)亞油酸向ARA的轉(zhuǎn)化率較低及飲食方面的限制,還需額外補(bǔ)充一定量的ARA。
1.3 DHA及ARA的推薦攝入量及兩者推薦的攝入比例
各國權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)針對(duì)不同人群及飲食習(xí)慣提出了DHA、ARA的推薦攝入量,具體見表1。
???????????????????????????????????????????? 表1 各國權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)關(guān)于DHA、ARA的推薦攝入量
???????? ?人群
權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)
|
嬰幼兒 |
兒童、青少年 |
成人 |
孕婦及哺乳期婦女 |
世界衛(wèi)生組織及
世界糧農(nóng)組織`27`
|
6~24個(gè)月, 每天每千克體重10~12 mgDHA
|
? |
? |
? |
國際脂肪酸和脂類
研究協(xié)會(huì)`25`
|
DHA:總脂肪酸的0.35%, ARA:
總脂肪酸的0.50%
|
? |
220mg
DHA/天
|
300mg
DHA/天
|
歐洲食品安全局`23` |
6~24個(gè)月,100 mgDHA/天
|
? |
? |
? |
法國食品衛(wèi)生
安全署`22`
|
0~6個(gè)月,DHA: 總脂肪酸的0.32%(約為每天每千克體重20mgDHA);6~36個(gè)月, DHA:70mg/天
|
3~9歲,125mgDHA/天;大于9歲,250m gDHA/天
|
250mg
DHA/天
|
250mg
DHA/天
|
日本厚生勞動(dòng)省`28` |
? |
3~5歲,120mgDHA/天;6~11歲,130~180mgDHA/天;12~14歲,210mgDHA/天
|
? |
? |
荷蘭健康委員會(huì)`21` |
0~6個(gè)月,每天每千克體重
20 mgDHA,40 mgARA;大于6個(gè)月,150~200 mgDHA/天
|
? |
150~200
mgDHA/天
|
? |
比利時(shí)高級(jí)衛(wèi)生
理事會(huì) `24`
|
? |
? |
? |
250mg
DHA/天
|
世界圍產(chǎn)醫(yī)學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)`26` |
? |
? |
? |
大于200
mgDHA/天
|
德國、奧地利、
瑞士營養(yǎng)協(xié)會(huì)`20`
|
? |
? |
? |
大于200
mgDHA/天
|
???????
???????? DHA和ARA的協(xié)同作用對(duì)嬰幼兒大腦和視覺發(fā)育至關(guān)重要。國際權(quán)威組織推薦DHA、ARA按1:1.4~1:2.0配比補(bǔ)充`29`,一方面是比較接近母乳中兩者比例`30-32`,另一方面適當(dāng)?shù)谋壤兄谏淼拇x運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),對(duì)寶寶智力、視力發(fā)育效果更理想。,
2 乳制品作為DHA和ARA的補(bǔ)充載體
乳制品是人體補(bǔ)充營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的載體,而DHA和ARA作為長鏈多不飽和脂肪酸,在牛乳中幾乎不存在,所以通過乳制品強(qiáng)化DHA和ARA是可行的也是非常必要的,作為新型食品營養(yǎng)強(qiáng)化劑,DHA和ARA添加到配方奶粉中,能加快嬰幼兒配方奶粉的母乳化進(jìn)程;添加到液態(tài)奶中,能豐富產(chǎn)品體系,可以大大提升產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)和增加產(chǎn)品附加值。國內(nèi)外市場上已有多種含DHA、ARA的含乳制品銷售。
3 DHA和ARA在各種含乳制品中的應(yīng)用
3.1 在配方奶粉中的應(yīng)用
目前,許多發(fā)達(dá)國家都已在孕婦、哺乳婦女以及嬰幼兒配方奶粉中添加DHA和ARA,我國從2000年開始批準(zhǔn)DHA和ARA作為營養(yǎng)強(qiáng)化劑應(yīng)用于嬰幼兒以及學(xué)齡前兒童的配方奶粉中,推薦添加量分別為0.4~1.8g/kg 、1.6~2.6g/kg;2011年最新實(shí)施的嬰幼兒配方食品國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中規(guī)定兩者添加量分別為DHA≤0.5%總脂肪含量、ARA≤1.0%總脂肪含量,在嬰兒配方食品國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(GB10765-2010)中還規(guī)定,添加了二十二碳六烯酸(DHA),至少要添加相同量的二十碳四烯酸(ARA)。DHA和ARA的添加主要有濕法和干法,以國內(nèi)外各大配方奶粉廠商應(yīng)用最廣泛的濕法為例,添加DHA和ARA的生產(chǎn)工藝流程如下:
DHA粉劑、ARA粉劑
↓
???????????????????????????????????? ??原料奶驗(yàn)收→ 過濾凈化→ 配料→ 均質(zhì)→ 殺菌→ 真空濃縮→ 噴霧干燥
↑??????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????↓
乳清粉、乳糖、脫脂粉、脂質(zhì)成分等及其它原料?? ????????成品←包裝 ←冷卻 ←流化床
3.2 在中性奶中的應(yīng)用
國外市場已出現(xiàn)大量添加DHA的中性奶,并且大受歡迎,添加量一般為30~35mgDHA/ 240~250ml;在國內(nèi)市場,繼蒙牛率先推出添加DHA藻油的兒童牛奶—蒙牛未來星兒童成長牛奶之后,三元食品也推出了DHA鮮牛奶,國內(nèi)市場DHA添加量較國外低,蒙牛未來星的DHA藻油添加量為13mg /100g成品奶,其每100g成品奶中的DHA含量在5mg左右。中性奶添加DHA和ARA的生產(chǎn)工藝流程如下:
DHA、ARA及其它輔料
↓
?????????????????????? 原料奶驗(yàn)收→ 過濾凈化→ 配料→ 預(yù)熱→ 均質(zhì)→ 殺菌→ 灌裝→ 包裝→ 成品
3.3 在酸奶中的應(yīng)用
低溫儲(chǔ)藏和較短的保質(zhì)期決定了DHA和ARA在酸奶中的應(yīng)用更為方便,使其在酸奶中高含量添加成為可能,目前國外市場上酸奶中DHA的添加量一般在20~60mg/100g成品。酸奶可分為凝固型酸奶和攪拌型酸奶,添加DHA和ARA的酸奶生產(chǎn)工藝如下:
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??DHA、ARA及其他原輔料
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ??↓
??? 原料奶驗(yàn)收→ 過濾凈化→ 配料→ 均質(zhì)→ 殺菌→ 冷卻至42~43℃
↓
(凝固型酸奶)成品 ←冷藏(2~6℃)←發(fā)酵至pH4.5 ←封口 ←灌裝 ←接種
↓
(攪拌型酸奶)成品 ←冷藏(2~6℃)←封口 ←灌裝 ←冷卻 ←攪拌 ←發(fā)酵至pH4.5
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3.4 在酸性含乳飲料中的應(yīng)用
含乳飲料分為調(diào)配型含乳飲料和發(fā)酵型含乳飲料,調(diào)配型含乳飲料中,成品中蛋白質(zhì)含量不低于 1.0%;發(fā)酵型含乳飲料中,成品中蛋白質(zhì)含量不低于1.0%的為乳酸菌乳飲料,蛋白質(zhì)含量不低于0.7%的稱乳酸菌飲料,根據(jù)其是否經(jīng)過殺菌處理而區(qū)分為非活菌型和活菌型。
3.4.1 DHA、ARA調(diào)配型含乳飲料的生產(chǎn)工藝流程
原料奶驗(yàn)收→ 過濾凈化→ 預(yù)熱→ 添加DHA、ARA等輔料→ 剪切 → 冷卻至20℃左右 → 調(diào)酸→ 預(yù)熱→ 調(diào)香定容 → 均質(zhì)(20MPa)→ 罐裝 → 封口 → 殺菌(85℃、25~30min)→ 冷卻至20~30℃ → 成品
3.4.2 DHA、ARA發(fā)酵型含乳飲料的生產(chǎn)工藝流程
(2)乳化穩(wěn)定劑、蔗糖、及其他原輔料→ 混合均勻→ 加入65~70℃的水,水合30min→ 冷卻(25℃)→ 加DHA、ARA及上述發(fā)酵奶基→ 剪切→ 調(diào)酸 → 均質(zhì)(25MPa)→ 罐裝(活性型產(chǎn)品直接無菌灌裝后冷藏)→ 封口→ 殺菌(85℃、25~30min)→ 常溫儲(chǔ)藏
3.5 在奶酪中的應(yīng)用
添加DHA、ARA的Cheddar干酪生產(chǎn)工藝流程如下:
原料奶驗(yàn)收→ 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化→ 添加DHA、ARA等輔料→ 預(yù)熱→ 預(yù)成熟→ 凝乳→ 切割→ 熱燙,攪拌→ 排乳清→ 質(zhì)構(gòu)化→ 切碎→ 加鹽→ 裝?!?壓榨→ 成熟→ 包裝→ 成品
添加DHA、ARA的再制干酪生產(chǎn)工藝流程如下:
??????? 天然干酪→ 預(yù)處理→ 切塊→ 混合→ 加水→ 加乳化鹽→ 加熱融化→ 攪拌→ 添加DHA、ARA等輔料→ 乳化均質(zhì)→ 冷卻→ 灌裝→ 成品→ 貯藏
??????? 天然干酪→ 預(yù)處理→ 切塊→ 混合→ 加水→ 加乳化鹽→ 加熱融化→ 攪拌→ 添加DHA、ARA等輔料→ 乳化均質(zhì)→ 冷卻→ 灌裝→ 成品→ 貯藏
4 DHA和ARA在乳制品應(yīng)用中的注意事項(xiàng)
(1)盡量采用微膠囊包埋的DHA、ARA粉劑添加;
(2)添加時(shí)用小部分奶液與DHA、ARA粉劑或DHA藻油混合,然后通過攪拌或剪切工藝,使其均勻分散至整個(gè)體系中;
(3)盡可能在工藝的最后步驟前添加,縮短DHA、ARA的加工處理時(shí)間;
(4)盡可能避免暴露在氧氣中,添加法律允許的可以延緩油脂氧化的物質(zhì)如抗壞血酸棕櫚酸酯、維生素E、卵磷脂等進(jìn)行DHA、ARA的抗氧化保護(hù);
(5)遠(yuǎn)離過渡態(tài)金屬離子,如果要強(qiáng)化礦物質(zhì)如鐵、鋅等,建議使用螯合物使其鈍化;
(6)生產(chǎn)過程中避免與金屬容器接觸;
(7)生產(chǎn)過程中避免長時(shí)間在高溫下加熱,殺菌工藝最好采用UHT;
(8)盡可能使用隔氧隔光包裝,減少包裝外的氧氣滲透,避免陽光直射;
(9)盡可能使用防紫外線、充氮包裝,盡量減少包裝中剩存的氧氣。
,
5 DHA和ARA在乳制品中應(yīng)用的前景展望
廣東潤科生物工程有限公司擁有多項(xiàng)微藻DHA和ARA的生產(chǎn)、應(yīng)用專利,其整個(gè)生產(chǎn)體系通過了ISO9001、ISO22000和ISO14001等標(biāo)準(zhǔn)認(rèn)證,通過培養(yǎng)馴化,篩選出可以異養(yǎng)生長且DHA含量高的海洋微藻,并采用生物工程技術(shù),利用生物反應(yīng)器進(jìn)行高密度異養(yǎng)培養(yǎng),整個(gè)操作過程在全封閉條件下,有效隔絕了外界污染;ARA則通過利用高山被孢霉三級(jí)發(fā)酵完成,其氣味柔和良好。并擁有自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的微膠囊包埋技術(shù),對(duì)DHA、RAR進(jìn)行包埋,其性能出色,不僅可以用于配方奶粉的干法添加,也同時(shí)適合濕法添加,為其在國內(nèi)、國際市場上的競爭創(chuàng)造了條件。目前DHA和ARA應(yīng)用于配方奶粉已較成熟,市場上嬰幼兒配方奶粉的主流品牌推出了添加DHA和ARA的配方奶粉,如蒙牛、伊利、貝因美等。隨著乳制品消費(fèi)者的消費(fèi)意識(shí)和消費(fèi)水平的不斷提高,及對(duì)DHA、ARA認(rèn)知程度的不斷提高,DHA、ARA在液態(tài)奶、酸奶、酸性含乳飲料等產(chǎn)品中的添加將會(huì)成為一個(gè)趨勢(shì),也必將給乳制品企業(yè)帶來巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會(huì)效益。
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